The Global Challenge of Antimicrobial Resistance: Mechanisms, Case Studies, and Mitigation Approaches

ABSTRACT Background and Aims Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is projected to cause 10 million deaths annually by 2050 if left unaddressed, posing a severe threat to global health and modern medicine. This review analyzes the molecular and ecological mechanisms underlying antibiotic resistance and evaluates global efforts aimed at containment to identify actionable strategies to mitigate AMR's escalating impact. Methods A systematic literature review was performed using databases including PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Web of Science, focusing on peer‐reviewed studies from 2000 to 2024. Search terms included “antibiotic resistance,” “resistance mechanisms,” “horizontal gene transfer,” and…