Oxidative stress and inflammation: roles in osteoporosis

Osteoporosis (OP) is a prevalent bone disease characterized by reduced bone mineral density (BMD) and compromised microstructure, leading to an increased risk of fractures and disability. With an aging global population, OP has become a significant public health issue, affecting over 200 million people worldwide. OP can be classified into primary (type I and type II) and secondary forms, with estrogen deficiency playing a critical role in postmenopausal OP. The pathophysiology of OP involves a complex interplay of factors, including cellular senescence, oxidative stress, inflammation, and hormonal imbalances. Bone homeostasis, maintained by the balance between osteoclast-mediated bone resorption and…