articleSustainabilityAug 29, 2025GOLD OA

Biomass Pyrolysis Pathways for Renewable Energy and Sustainable Resource Recovery: A Critical Review of Processes, Parameters, and Product Valorization

Universitatea Națională de Știință și Tehnologie Politehnica București · The National Institute of Research – Development for Machines and Installations Designed for Agriculture and Food Industry

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Abstract

The increasing demand for renewable energy has intensified research on lignocellulosic biomass pyrolysis as a versatile route for sustainable energy and resource recovery. This study provides a comparative overview of main pyrolysis regimes (slow, intermediate, fast, and flash), emphasizing operational parameters, typical product yields, and technological readiness levels (TRLs). Reactor configurations, including fixed-bed, fluidized-bed, rotary kiln, auger, and microwave-assisted systems, are analyzed in terms of design, advantages, limitations, and TRL status. Key process parameters, such as temperature, heating rate, vapor residence time, reaction atmosphere, and catalyst type, critically influence the…

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