articleOpen Forum Infectious DiseasesAug 28, 2025GOLD OA

Global Prevalence of Long COVID, Its Subtypes, and Risk Factors: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

YHYiren HouTGTian GuZNZhouchi NiXSXu ShiMLMegan L. Ranney

University of Michigan · Michigan United · +3 more institutions

PubMed
Indexed incrossrefdoajpubmed

Abstract

Background

This mega-systematic review evaluated the global prevalence of long COVID and its subtypes and symptoms, and assessed the effects of risk factors for long COVID.

Methods

Studies published from 5 July 2021 to 29 May 2024 were searched in PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science, with supplemental updates on 23 July 2024. Data were pooled using a random-effects framework with DerSimonian-Laird estimator. Risk of bias analysis was conducted.

Citation impact

51
total citations
FWCI
54.17
Percentile
100%
References
45
Citations per year

Authors

6

Topics & keywords

Topics
Keywords
  • Medicine
  • Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)
  • Meta-analysis
  • 2019-20 coronavirus outbreak
  • Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)
  • Pandemic
  • MEDLINE
  • Betacoronavirus
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Funding