reviewMolecular CancerOct 14, 2025GOLD OA

Turning cold tumors into hot tumors to ignite immunotherapy

Zhengzhou University · First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University · +1 more institution

PubMed
Indexed incrossrefdoajpubmed

Abstract

The revolution in cancer immunotherapy, particularly through immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), underscores the significant role of the tumor microenvironment (TME) in determining therapeutic outcomes. At the heart of this is the classification of tumors into "cold" and "hot", which significantly influences the efficacy of immunotherapy. "Cold" tumors are characterized by scant immune cell infiltration and an immunosuppressive TME, which effectively evades immune detection and resists ICIs. In contrast, "hot" tumors, characterized by abundant immune cells and a proinflammatory environment, are more receptive to immunotherapeutic approaches. This review comprehensively examines the molecular and cellular…

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