The Tension Theory of Forces

This paper is retired in favour of its successors. The original was a correct hunch about the icosahedron, executed through wrong machinery. The aim — that the dimensionless constants of the Standard Model are structural consequences of the underlying geometry rather than free parameters — survives and is now central to the programme. The mechanism — projection tension ε = 1 − π/e^(2/√3) as the seed quantity, with the strong, weak, and electromagnetic couplings recovered as prefactor × ε — is replaced wholesale by representation theory on the Poincaré homology sphere S³/2I, golden field constants, and quintic filtering. Partial vindication of the hunch; complete replacement of the mechanism. The successor…