Highly selective sensing of tetracycline by fluorescent carbon dots derived from spent coffee grounds via a green microwave route

. Mechanistic investigations indicated that the quenching process is primarily attributed to the synergistic effect of the inner filter effect (IFE) and static quenching. The practicality of the method was demonstrated by analyzing TC in real water samples (tap water, lake water, and swine farm wastewater), achieving satisfactory spike recoveries of 98.8-105.5% with relative standard deviations (RSD) below 3.53%, confirming its good accuracy and practical applicability. Furthermore, the greenness of the proposed method was evaluated using the Greenness Evaluation Metric for Analytical Methods (GEMAM) system, yielding an excellent comprehensive score of 8.536 out of 10, which underscores its superior…