articleCoordination Chemistry ReviewsJan 3, 2026HYBRID OA

Ultrasonic synthesis of metal-organic frameworks: mechanistic insights, structural modulation, and industrial prospects

BZBaocheng ZhouTHTu HuGLGuo LinSWShixing WangHXHongying Xia

Kunming University of Science and Technology · Yunnan University · +2 more institutions

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Abstract

The widespread industrial adoption of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) is hindered by limitations inherent to conventional syntheses, such as high energy demands, reliance on toxic solvents, and poor scalability. This comprehensive review establishes ultrasonic synthesis (US) as a green and efficient alternative, systematically analyzing the fundamental mechanisms by which ultrasonic cavitation governs MOFs nucleation and growth kinetics, enabling rapid reactions, reduced crystal dimensions, and tailored defect densities. Critical advances in structural control strategies are examined, particle size/morphology optimization through US parameters; defect engineering for active site/pore functionality enhancement;…

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5
total citations
FWCI
33.69
Percentile
100%
References
308
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Authors

7

Topics & keywords

Keywords
  • Ultrasonic sensor
  • Nucleation
  • Transformative learning
  • Cavitation
  • Characterization (materials science)
  • Sonochemistry
  • Low energy
  • Metal-organic framework
UN Sustainable Development Goals
  • Industry, innovation and infrastructure
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