articleJournal of Biomedical ScienceJan 4, 2026DIAMOND OA

Post-translational modifications of immune checkpoints: molecular mechanisms, tumor microenvironment remodeling, and therapeutic implications

HHHung-Chia HsiehLLLun-Ling LingWYWang Yi-Ching

National Cheng Kung University

PubMed
Indexed incrossrefdoajpubmed

Abstract

Immune checkpoints play pivotal roles in regulating immune responses and maintaining tolerance. In cancer, these molecules are hijacked to suppress antitumor immunity, resulting in therapeutic resistance to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB). Recent advances have highlighted the critical role of post-translational modifications (PTMs), including phosphorylation, ubiquitination, glycosylation, palmitoylation, UFMylation, acetylation, SUMOylation, methylation, and ISGylation, in modulating checkpoint stability, trafficking, and function across diverse immune and tumor cell types. These dynamic PTMs reshape the tumor microenvironment (TME) by controlling immune cell function, antigen presentation, and inflammatory…

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6
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72.77
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100%
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3

Topics & keywords

Topics
Keywords
  • Immune system
  • Tumor microenvironment
  • Reprogramming
  • Immune checkpoint
  • Function (biology)
  • Immunotherapy
  • Blockade
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