Graphene-based materials for water and wastewater treatment: A comprehensive review of advances in synthesis, emerging applications, and future directions

Graphene-based materials (GBMs) have emerged as promising candidates for water and wastewater treatment owing to their large surface area, high electron mobility, tunable surface chemistry, and exceptional mechanical strength. This review provides a comprehensive examination of key advances in the synthesis, performance optimisation, environmental implications, and future integration strategies of GBMs for pollutant removal. Emphasis is placed on the removal of emerging contaminants including pharmaceuticals, personal care products, heavy metals, dyes, and pathogenic microorganisms using material descriptors together with kinetic and thermodynamic analyses. Enhanced adsorption capacities, in some cases…

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  Natural Environment Research Council