Electrochemical Detection of Cancer Biomarkers: From Molecular Sensing to Clinical Translation

Early cancer detection is crucial for improving survival rates and treatment outcomes. Electrochemical biosensors have emerged as powerful tools for early cancer detection due to their high sensitivity, specificity, and rapid detection capabilities. This review explores recent advancements (2015-2025) in electrochemical biosensors for cancer biomarker detection, their working principles, novel nanomaterial-based enhancements, challenges, and prospects for clinical applications. Specifically, we highlight the electrochemical detection of protein biomarkers (e.g., CEA, PSA, CRP), nucleic acid markers (ctDNA, miRNA, methylation patterns), and metabolic indicators, emphasizing their clinical relevance in early…