Surface Modification of Lithium Metal as an Anode in Lithium Metal‐Based Batteries

The growing demand for high-energy-density storage systems, driven by the rapid expansion of electric vehicles (EVs) and portable electronics, has recognized lithium metal anode (LMA) as a promising candidate in next-generation rechargeable batteries. LMA offers an ultrahigh theoretical specific capacity and the lowest electrochemical potential among known anode materials, which makes it a compelling alternative to conventional graphite. However, LMA exhibits critical challenges, including unstable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation, dendrite growth, low Coulombic efficiency, and volume fluctuations, which lead to poor cycle stability, reduced energy efficiency, and safety risks such as internal…