articleNano-Micro LettersJan 5, 2026DIAMOND OA

Interfacial Evolution and Accelerated Aging Mechanism for LiFePO4/Graphite Pouch Batteries Under Multi-Step Indirect Activation

Beijing Institute of Technology · Chongqing University of Technology · +3 more institutions

PubMed
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Abstract

Abstract The dissolution of iron from the cathode and electrode/electrolyte interface (EEI) during long cycles significantly accelerates the aging process of LiFePO 4 (LFP)/graphite batteries; there is a lack of systematic understanding of the spatial distribution of the EEI interface layer and the dissolve of Fe ions, especially in terms of the mechanism of the cathode–electrolyte interphase (CEI), solid electrolyte interphase (SEI), and iron dissolution. In this study, aged cells were subjected to continuous activation with constant current and multi-step segmented indirect activation (IA) and analyzed for capacity fade, impedance growth, and active Li + mass loss at the EEI and nanoscale levels. The…

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