Sustainable functionalization of biodegradable materials for mosquito repellent extiles: A review of sources, application, and research directions

Growing concerns over chemical toxicity and environmental impact have driven the development of sustainable mosquito-repellent textiles using biodegradable natural materials and nanotechnology. This review analyzes recent advancements in sustainable textile innovations, focusing on renewable raw materials, advanced encapsulation methods, key challenges, and future opportunities. Key findings suggest that biopolymers such as chitosan, cellulose, and alginate have highlighted significant performance as carriers for natural repellents like citronella, neem, and eucalyptus oils. Encapsulation techniques, including liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, spray drying, and electrospinning, significantly enhance the…