Breast Cancer: Molecular Pathogenesis, Targeted Therapy, Screening, and Prevention

Breast cancer is the most common cancer and the leading cause of cancer-related death among women worldwide. Advances in molecular biology, high-throughput sequencing, and integrative-omics have deepened the understanding of its heterogeneity by clarifying mechanisms linked to genetic susceptibility, epigenetic regulation, oncogenic signaling, and immune evasion. Although those developments have driven progress in targeted therapy and screening, concerns on drug resistance, toxicity, global inequities, and suboptimal risk stratification continue to limit outcomes. This review systematically summarizes current advances across four interconnected areas of breast cancer research and management, including…

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