articleNature SynthesisJan 6, 2026HYBRID OA

Triphasic synthesis of MXenes with uniform and controlled halogen terminations

DLDongqi LiWZWenhao ZhengMGMahdi Ghorbani-AslJSJuliane ScheiterKSKamil Sobczak

Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics · Technische Universität Dresden · +9 more institutions

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Abstract

Abstract Surface terminations critically govern the properties of two-dimensional transition metal carbides and/or nitrides (MXenes), yet a universal strategy to obtain MXenes with uniform and controllable terminations remains elusive. Here we introduce a ‘gas–liquid–solid’ triphasic etching strategy that employs iodine vapour, halide molten salts and MAX phases to produce MXenes with pure and precisely tunable halogen terminations (Cl, Br, I or their combinations). In this process, halide molten salts dissolve iodine via interhalogen anion formation while efficiently transporting etching by-products. The resulting MXenes retain excellent structural integrity, yielding uniformly ordered surfaces. As a…

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Topics & keywords

Topics
Keywords
  • MXenes
  • Halide
  • Halogen
  • Carbide
  • Nitride
  • Etching (microfabrication)
  • Conductivity
  • Metal
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