Breeding Smarter: Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Tools in Modern Breeding—A Review

Climate challenges, along with a projected global population increase of 2 billion by 2080, are intensifying pressures on agricultural systems, leading to biodiversity loss, land use constrains, soil fertility declining, and changes in water cycles, while crop yields struggle to meet the rising food demand. These challenges, coupled with evolving legislation and rapid technology advancements, require innovative sustainable agricultural solutions. By reshaping farmers’ daily operations, real-time data acquisition and predictive models can support informed decision-making. In this context, smart farming (SM) applied to plant breeding can improve efficiency by reducing inputs and increasing outputs through the…