Transforming nephrology through artificial intelligence: a state-of-the-art roadmap for clinical integration

Artificial intelligence (AI), encompassing machine learning, deep learning and generative AI, is poised to redefine nephrology by enabling earlier detection, more precise risk stratification and workflow-integrated clinical decision support across the spectrum of kidney disease. This state-of-the-art review synthesizes emerging applications of AI in acute kidney injury (AKI), chronic kidney disease (CKD), dialysis and kidney transplantation, with attention to clinical integration, real-world validation, workflow implementation and translational challenges. In AKI, predictive models trained on high-frequency electronic health record data and intensive care unit telemetry have demonstrated strong performance in…