articleBMC UrologyJan 9, 2026GOLD OA

Clinical reasoning with machines: evaluating the interpretive depth of AI in urological case assessments

Düzce Üniversitesi

PubMed
Indexed incrossrefdoajpubmed

Abstract

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly utilized as decision-support tools in medicine. However, their clinical reliability and applicability remain uncertain. This study compared ChatGPT-3.5, ChatGPT-4o, and Gemini 1.0 Pro in responding to standardized urological clinical scenarios evaluated by blinded experts. This observational cross-sectional study included 75 urology specialists categorized by experience (

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4
total citations
FWCI
43.39
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100%
References
16
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Authors

5

Topics & keywords

Keywords
  • Reliability (semiconductor)
  • Correlation
  • Likert scale
  • Inter-rater reliability
  • Rating scale
  • Observational study
  • Pairwise comparison
  • Normality
UN Sustainable Development Goals
  • Peace, Justice and strong institutions
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