articleJournal of Open Innovation Technology Market and ComplexityJan 8, 2026GOLD OA

Integrating clean mobility with renewable energy: Techno-economic and environmental feasibility of on-grid hybrid photovoltaic–biogas systems

ZAZainal ArifinSDSinggih Dwi PrasetyoYTYuki TrisnoajiMAM. Asyraf Rosli

Sebelas Maret University · State University of Malang · +1 more institution

Indexed incrossrefdoaj

Abstract

The urgency for global decarbonization emphasizes the need for sustainable energy solutions to support the growth of electric vehicles (EVs). This study evaluates the techno-economic and environmental feasibility of an on-grid hybrid photovoltaic–biogas system for Electric Vehicle Charging Stations (EVCS) in Surakarta, Indonesia. A meta-analysis of 50 studies from 2023 to 2025 was conducted, revealing that hybrid PV–biogas–EV systems achieve an average Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE) of USD 0.098/kWh, with emissions reductions ranging from 63.82% to 100%. Simulation results indicated that the on-grid configuration produced 977.68 MWh annually, with a Net Present Cost (NPC) of approximately USD 0.85…

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Topics & keywords

Topics
Keywords
  • Cost of electricity by source
  • Renewable energy
  • Electricity
  • Internal rate of return
  • Hybrid system
  • Investment (military)
  • Electricity generation
  • Return on investment
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