articleEnvironmentsJan 8, 2026GOLD OA

Combined Environmental Impacts and Toxicological Interactions of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) and Microplastics (MPs)

CBChristina BrenckmanABAshish BorgaonkarWHWilliam H. PennockJNJay N. Meegoda

New Jersey Institute of Technology

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Abstract

Pervasive microplastics (MPs) and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) frequently co-occur across aquatic and terrestrial environments due to shared sources, transport pathways, and persistence, yet their interaction-driven effects on environmental fate, bioavailability, and toxicity remain incompletely resolved. This review critically synthesizes current knowledge on the environmental co-occurrence of MPs and PFAS, the physicochemical mechanisms governing their interactions, and the resulting ecological and toxicological consequences across aquatic, terrestrial, and biological systems. Emphasis is placed on sorption and desorption processes; environmental modifiers such as pH, salinity, dissolved…

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4
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99%
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122
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4

Topics & keywords

Topics
Keywords
  • Microplastics
  • Bioaccumulation
  • Aquatic ecosystem
  • Organic chemicals
  • Aquatic environment
  • Bioavailability
  • Invertebrate
  • Sorption
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