Integrated monitoring and lifecycle assessment of green hydrogen, ammonia, and synthetic fuels: Advancing environmental sustainability and carbon traceability in the clean energy transition

Abstract Decarbonizing the global energy system requires clean fuel pathways that are low carbon at the point of use and sustainable throughout their lifecycles. This review compares green hydrogen (H 2 ), green ammonia (NH 3 ), and synthetic electrofuels (e‐fuels). It focuses on integrating advanced monitoring technologies and standardized life‐cycle assessment (LCA) frameworks. We critically examine contemporary monitoring techniques, including Raman spectroscopy, tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS), gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS), fiber‐optic sensing, and AI‐enabled digital twins with SCADA systems. Their effectiveness is assessed for leak detection, fuel quality, emissions…