From Biomass to Adsorbent: A Comprehensive Review on Bio-Derived Carbons for Dye Removal

The escalating release of synthetic dyes from textile and allied industries has become a pressing global environmental issue due to their toxicity, persistence, and resistance to biodegradation. Among the various treatment strategies, adsorption has emerged as one of the most efficient, economical, and sustainable techniques for dye removal from aqueous environments. This review highlights recent advances in bio-derived adsorbents-particularly raw biomass powders, biochars, and activated carbons-developed from renewable waste sources such as agricultural residues, fruit peels, shells, and plant fibers. It systematically discusses adsorption mechanisms, the influence of process parameters, kinetic and…