Plant-derived exosome-like nanovesicles: dual-function platforms for anticancer therapy and drug delivery

Plant-derived exosome-like nanovesicles (PDELNs) are nanoscale bilayered lipid vesicles secreted by plant cells that encapsulate a range of bioactive cargoes, including lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. These vesicles play a crucial regulatory role in various pathophysiological processes. Owing to their natural origin, high biocompatibility, and low immunogenicity, PDELNs possess inherent advantages for biomedical use. They can function not only as intrinsic therapeutic agents but also as targeted drug delivery systems, allowing precise homing to disease sites and delivering combined therapeutic and carrier capabilities. This dual functionality enhances tumor-specific targeting and improves tissue…