articleClinical NeurophysiologyJan 9, 2026HYBRID OA

Clinical utility and prospective of TMS–EEG: Updated review from an international expert group

UZUlf ZiemannYBYang BaiFMFiona M. BaumerMMMikkel M. BeckPBPaolo Belardinelli

Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research · University of Tübingen · +52 more institutions

PubMed
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Abstract

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive technique to stimulate the brain, while electroencephalography (EEG) is a non-invasive technique to record its electrical activity. Their combined use (TMS-EEG) has been established only relatively recently, after successful development of TMS-compatible EEG amplifiers. TMS-EEG offers the unparalleled opportunity to directly perturb the brain with TMS and simultaneously record its response with EEG. This allows inferences on causal input-output relationships, therefore going critically beyond purely observational techniques, such as resting-state EEG or functional MRI, in the study of brain dynamics. This consensus review updates the work of Tremblay…

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10
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127.75
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100%
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Authors

62

Topics & keywords

Topics
Keywords
  • Electroencephalography
  • Transcranial magnetic stimulation
  • Clinical neurophysiology
  • Observational study
  • Neurophysiology
  • Brain stimulation
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