Intelligent Tunnel Collapse Prediction Using Multi‐Modal Gaussian Cross‐Attention Fusion (MGCAF): Integration of TBM Parameters and Geological Radar Data

ABSTRACT Tunnel face instability prediction represents a critical technical challenge in underground engineering, particularly during tunnel boring machine (TBM) excavation under complex geological conditions. This study proposes the Multi‐modal Gaussian Cross‐Attention Fusion (MGCAF) algorithm, which integrates physics‐constrained Gaussian processes with cross‐attention mechanisms to achieve intelligent tunnel collapse prediction. The MGCAF framework reconstructs the traditional prediction paradigm by treating earth pressure balance chamber pressure as the primary prediction target rather than an input parameter, while incorporating first‐principles constraints of TBM cutting mechanisms into kernel function…