Mapping digital twin applications in infrastructure and the built environment across research types, methods, sectors, phases, and scales

Digital Twin technologies are increasingly used in infrastructure and the built environment to create dynamic, data-driven models of physical assets and processes. This review analyses recent advancements across sectors such as tunnels, bridges, roads, buildings, construction management, and urban planning, covering all life-cycle phases from design to operation. Integrating Digital Twins with Building Information Modelling, Internet of Things sensors, and Artificial Intelligence enhances real-time monitoring, decision-making, and asset performance. Key methods include monitoring, modelling, and simulation, which improve resource use and proactive maintenance. However, adoption faces challenges such as poor…