articleInnovation and Green DevelopmentJan 13, 2026DIAMOND OA

Navigating the complexities of healthcare costs in Bangladesh: A closer look at environmental quality, economic growth, energy use, industrialization, urbanization, and forest area

King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals · Noakhali Science and Technology University · +1 more institution

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Abstract

Bangladesh is grappling with the challenge of balancing public health with pollution reduction. The current research seeks to analyze the relationships between ecological indicators and health expenditure and to provide policy suggestions to enhance environmental conditions and minimize healthcare costs. The investigation explored various elements, such as carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions, gross domestic product (GDP), the use of fossil fuels and renewable energy sources, industrialization, urbanization, and forest areas. The dynamic ordinary least squares (DOLS) approach was used to explore time series data from 2000 to 2022, and the results revealed that every 1 % increase in CO 2 , GDP, industrialization,…

Citation impact

6
total citations
FWCI
35.44
Percentile
99%
References
86
Citations per year

Authors

4

Topics & keywords

Keywords
  • Sustainability
  • Fossil fuel
  • Environmental pollution
  • Public health
  • Health care
  • Air pollution
  • Renewable energy
  • Gross domestic product
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