articleArchives of ToxicologyJan 14, 2026HYBRID OA

Pathophysiology of reactive oxygen species (ROS)

JMJosé Manuel Pérez de la LastraCMCelia María Curieses AndrésEBElena Bustamante MunguiraCACelia Andrés JuanEPEduardo Pérez-Lebeña

Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología · Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid · +1 more institution

PubMed
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Abstract

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are context-dependent mediators that function as second messengers at low, localized flux and as drivers of damage when production overruns buffering capacity. Outcomes are dictated by source identity, subcellular compartment and pulse kinetics—the “where–when–how much” rule. We synthesize advances (2015–2025) across principal generators—mitochondrial electron transport, NADPH oxidases, xanthine oxidoreductase and ER/peroxisomal oxidoreductases—to show how compartmental H2O2 microgradients encode reversible cysteine signaling, while iron-rich niches pivot chemistry toward peroxynitrite, Fenton-derived ·OH, lipid peroxidation and regulated cell death (apoptosis, ferroptosis,…

Citation impact

8
total citations
FWCI
136.66
Percentile
100%
References
239
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Authors

5

Topics & keywords

Topics
Keywords
  • Reactive oxygen species
  • Crosstalk
  • Redox
  • Mitochondrion
  • Peroxiredoxin
  • Intracellular
  • Flux (metallurgy)
  • Cysteine
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