Nanostructured lipid carriers for topical drug delivery: A comprehensive review of design, mechanisms, and therapeutic advances

Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLCs) represent a significant advancement in topical drug delivery, overcoming key limitations of earlier lipid-based systems such as Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs). By combining solid and liquid lipids into a nanometric matrix, NLCs enhance drug entrapment, increase loading capacity, and provide greater stability. These properties support improved skin permeation, controlled release, and targeted delivery to deeper skin layers, thereby minimizing systemic side effects. This review critically examines the scientific foundation and formulation strategies of NLCs, including their composition, classification, and manufacturing methods. It highlights the influence of lipid and…