articleInformation FusionJan 17, 2026HYBRID OA

On the security and privacy of federated learning: A survey with attacks, defenses, frameworks, applications, and future directions

Sapienza University of Rome · Universidad de Murcia

Indexed incrossref

Abstract

• Unified security–privacy taxonomy across FL attacks, defenses, and phases. • Attack–defense map: poisoning, backdoor, GAN inference, Sybil; GAN-defense gaps. • Assessment of 13 FL frameworks; notes limits in non-horizontal FL and metrics. • Survey of FL uses across 12 sectors; domain-specific risks and defense efficacy. • Future agenda: adaptive defenses, hybrid crypto, fairness, scalable verifiable aggregation. Federated Learning (FL) is an emerging distributed machine learning paradigm enabling multiple clients to train a global model collaboratively without sharing their raw data. While FL enhances data privacy by design, it remains vulnerable to various security and privacy threats. This survey provides…

Citation impact

4
total citations
FWCI
98.39
Percentile
99%
References
78
Too recent for citation history.

Authors

6

Topics & keywords

Keywords
  • Federated learning
  • Verifiable secret sharing
  • Scalability
  • Safeguarding
  • Robustness (evolution)
  • Open research
  • Data sharing
  • Differential privacy
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