Diabetes and its complications: molecular mechanisms, prevention and treatment

Diabetic complications represent a formidable clinical challenge characterized by hyperglycemia-induced multiorgan dysfunction and dysregulated intercellular signaling networks. Advances in spatial multiomics and single-cell transcriptomic techniques, along with insights into aberrant signaling via myokines, cytokines, hormones, the gut microbiota, and exosomes, have revealed the molecular heterogeneity and dynamic inter-organ crosstalk underlying diabetes. Digital diabetes prevention programs have demonstrated effectiveness in high-risk populations through the use of remote tools to support lifestyle changes, reduce hemoglobin A1c, and delay the onset of type 2 diabetes. The therapeutic landscape for diabetic…