Identification of bis-thiazole linked oxazine Schiff bases: synthesis, in-vitro biological evaluation and computational insights toward potent urease and thymidine phosphorylase inhibitors

Abstract Recent advances in molecular therapeutics underscore the central role of dysregulated endogenous enzymes in the onset and progression of non-infectious diseases. Urease and thymidine phosphorylase are two clinically relevant enzymes implicated in microbial virulence, inflammation, and cancer biology, yet potent dual modulators remain limited. Here, we report the design and synthesis of a novel library of bis-thiazole linked oxazine Schiff base hybrids ( 1–10 ) as candidate dual-enzyme inhibitors. Structural elucidation using FT-IR, 1 HNMR, 13 C NMR spectroscopy, and HRMS confirmed the structural integrity of the synthesized scaffolds. Biological evaluation revealed potent inhibitory activity across…