Comprehensive characterization and RSM-based optimization of crystal violet adsorption using SnCl  2  –FeCl  3  and SnCl  2  –ZnCl  2  activated pomegranate peel biosorbents

Hamrouche, Nada; Djilani, Chahrazed; Belhocine, Youghourta; Bouzenad, Nawal; Amir, Lehtihet Boudjema; MERADI, SABRI; Hamrouche, Imene; Ali, Djihane Slimane Ben

doi:10.1039/d5ra09290f

articleRSC AdvancesJan 1, 2026GOLD OA

Comprehensive characterization and RSM-based optimization of crystal violet adsorption using SnCl 2 –FeCl 3 and SnCl 2 –ZnCl 2 activated pomegranate peel biosorbents

NHNada Hamrouche CDChahrazed Djilani YBYoughourta Belhocine NBNawal Bouzenad LBLehtihet Boudjema Amir

University of Skikda · University Ferhat Abbas of Setif

PubMed

Indexed incrossrefdoajpubmed

Abstract

, respectively. The adsorption behavior was best fitted by both the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms, and followed a pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Thermodynamic evaluation confirmed that the process is spontaneous and endothermic. Additionally, the biosorbents demonstrated strong reusability, retaining high performance through up to seven adsorption/desorption cycles.

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Topics & keywords

Topics

Keywords

Crystal violet
Adsorption
Central composite design
Response surface methodology
Freundlich equation
Langmuir
Langmuir adsorption model
Composite number

UN Sustainable Development Goals

Clean water and sanitation

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