Enhancing the electrochemical performance of manganese oxide thin film electrodes via borax incorporation: Experimental and theoretical insights

As global energy demand continues to rise, high-performance supercapacitors emerge as a key focus due to their superior power density and rapid charge-discharge efficiency. To this end, the study explores the synthesis of Mn 3 O 4 thin film electrodes incorporated with borax via the spray pyrolysis technique. Structural characterizations reveal that the borax incorporated films preserve the tetragonal Mn 3 O 4 phase, indicating its successful integration into the Mn 3 O 4 matrix. Surface analysis reveals significant morphological changes, showing dense wrinkles and sodium agglomerations along with increased surface roughness and decreased contact angle after borax incorporation. X-ray photoelectron…