Risk factors for postpartum depression: an umbrella review

This umbrella review aimed to systematically evaluate and synthesize the evidence on risk factors associated with postpartum depression (PPD), assess the methodological quality and credibility of the existing meta-analyses, and identify high-priority targets for prevention and intervention.

We systematically searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Medicine up to March 2025 for systematic reviews and meta-analyses reporting on risk factors for PPD. Eligible studies were appraised using AMSTAR-2 and GRADE frameworks. Risk factors were categorized based on effect estimates, heterogeneity, publication bias, and evidence strength.