A comprehensive study on the structure, microstructure and electrical properties of a Dy-doped LaBiO 3 ceramic for thermistor application

. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis reveals a uniform grain distribution across the sample surface, which may contribute to improved electrical conductivity. Furthermore, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) verifies the presence of all constituent elements (La, Bi, Dy, and O) in both weight and atomic percentages within the prepared material. The investigation of dielectric properties as a function of temperature and frequency indicates the presence of Maxwell-Wagner type dielectric dispersion. Impedance analysis confirms the negative temperature coefficient of resistance (NTCR) behavior, while modulus spectroscopy reveals a non-Debye type relaxation process. The ac conductivity study suggests…