articleWater ResearchJan 26, 2026HYBRID OA

Physics-informed neural networks in water and wastewater systems: a critical review

University of Catania · University of Colorado Boulder · +2 more institutions

PubMed
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Abstract

Physics-Informed Neural Networks (PINNs) represent a hybrid modeling paradigm that embeds governing physical laws, expressed as partial differential equations (PDEs), directly into neural network training. This integration enables models to respect fundamental conservation principles while learning from sparse or incomplete data. This review critically examines PINN applications in water and wastewater systems over the period 2014-2024, focusing on drinking water distribution networks, wastewater treatment plants, urban drainage systems, and water treatment processes. The review shows that PINNs excel in inverse problem solving by enabling parameter estimation and system identification from indirect…

Citation impact

5
total citations
FWCI
86.91
Percentile
100%
References
65
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Authors

4

Topics & keywords

Keywords
  • Artificial neural network
  • Extrapolation
  • Identification (biology)
  • Consistency (knowledge bases)
  • Convergence (economics)
  • System identification
  • Partial differential equation
  • Generalization
UN Sustainable Development Goals
  • Clean water and sanitation
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