Recent advances in HER electrocatalysis derived from Fe, Co, Ni, and Mo-based phosphides

Hydrogen is increasingly recognized as a clean, carbon-free energy carrier capable of supporting future sustainable energy systems. Water electrolysis provides a practical route for hydrogen generation, but its efficiency is determined by the catalytic performance of the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Transition metal phosphides (TMPs), particularly those derived from Fe, Co, Ni, and Mo, including their binary and multimetallic alloys, and alloys with other transition metals, have attracted significant attention due to their low overpotentials. Strong electrochemical stability and tunable catalytic activity. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the HER reaction mechanism, synthesis strategies,…