articleInternational Journal of Hydrogen EnergyJan 27, 2026HYBRID OA

Cost efficiency in clean urban mobility: TCO breakdown of hydrogen and electric buses in the European Union with projections for 2030 and 2050

University of Parma · University of Bologna

Indexed incrossref

Abstract

The decarbonization of urban public transport is a key objective of European climate and energy policies, driving the adoption of alternative propulsion technologies for city buses. Battery-electric and hydrogen-based powertrains are among the most promising solutions for greenhouse gases abatement, however, even economic competitiveness, which depends on technology evolution, energy costs, and vehicle design characteristics, must be evaluated. This paper presents a Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) analysis of urban buses equipped with four different propulsion systems: battery electric, and three hydrogen-based concepts. The analysis is performed for the whole European market under three temporal scenarios:…

Citation impact

4
total citations
FWCI
38.24
Percentile
99%
References
25
Too recent for citation history.

Authors

5

Topics & keywords

Keywords
  • Powertrain
  • Propulsion
  • Greenhouse gas
  • European union
  • Battery (electricity)
  • Efficient energy use
  • Battery electric vehicle
  • Hydrogen vehicle
No related works found for this paper.

Funding