articleACS Sustainable Chemistry & EngineeringJan 29, 2026Closed access

Influence of Seawater-Derived Salts on Ye’elimite Hydration Kinetics and Microstructural Evolution: Toward Developing Sustainable Calcium Sulfoaluminate Cement-Based Materials

Yanshan University · Hebei Science and Technology Department · +3 more institutions

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Abstract

Calcium sulfoaluminate (CSA) cement offers a strategic low-carbon alternative for seawater sea-sand concrete, reducing both CO2 emissions and freshwater demand. However, the ambiguous mechanisms governing seawater salts’ impact on its hydration kinetics and microstructural development hinder its practical engineering. This study systematically investigated the influence of three key seawater salts─NaCl (NC), Na2SO4 (NS), and MgCl2 (MC)─on the hydration kinetics and microstructural evolution of ye’elimite (the primary CSA cement clinker) compared to deionized (DI) water. Results revealed that seawater salts altered the hydration kinetics of C4A3 via a dual effect characterized by early-stage acceleration,…

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