Revolutionizing bio-hydrogen production: smart integration of nanotechnology, microbial engineering, and circular waste valorisation

The escalating depletion of fossil fuel reserves and mounting environmental concerns from greenhouse gas emissions have intensified the global pursuit for sustainable energy alternatives. Bio-hydrogen production emerges as a transformative solution, offering carbon-neutral energy generation while simultaneously addressing organic waste management challenges. This comprehensive review examines the revolutionary integration of nanotechnology, advanced microbial engineering, and circular economy principles in bio-hydrogen production systems. A systematic analysis of diverse renewable feedstocks, including agricultural residues, municipal solid waste, microalgae, and industrial biomass, highlighting their…