Digital twins in oncology: From predictive modelling to personalised treatment strategies

The digital twin (DT) concept, originating from engineering disciplines, has emerged as a transformative technology in healthcare, particularly in oncology. A digital twin creates a dynamic, virtual replica of a patient's physiological and pathological state, integrating multi-dimensional data to enable personalised cancer care. Despite growing interest, comprehensive reviews examining the breadth of DT applications in oncology remain limited. This narrative review aims to synthesise current evidence on digital twin applications in oncology, evaluate their potential to transform cancer care delivery, and identify challenges hindering clinical translation. A comprehensive literature search was conducted across…