articleNature CommunicationsJan 31, 2026GOLD OA

Probing the molecular structure at graphite–water interfaces by correlating 3D-AFM and SHINERS

LKLalith Krishna Samanth BonagiriDMDiana M. ArveloFZFujia ZhaoJKJaehyeon KimQAQian Ai

University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign · Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid · +2 more institutions

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Abstract

Water at solid surfaces is key for many processes ranging from biological signal transduction to membrane separation and renewable energy conversion. However, under realistic conditions, which often include environmental and surface charge variations, the interfacial water structure remains elusive. Here we overcome this limit by combining three-dimensional atomic force microscopy (3D-AFM) and interface-sensitive shell-isolated nanoparticle enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SHINERS) to characterize the graphite-water interfacial structure in situ. Through correlative analysis of the spatial liquid density maps and vibrational peaks within ≈2 nm of the graphite surface, we find the existence of two interfacial…

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Topics & keywords

Topics
Keywords
  • Raman spectroscopy
  • Molecule
  • Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy
  • Spectroscopy
  • Molecular dynamics
  • Energy landscape
  • Atomic force microscopy
  • Graphite
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