Sustainable green extraction approaches for herbal phytochemicals supporting environmentally friendly and climate responsive product development

The growing global emphasis on sustainable development and green chemistry has renewed interest in ethical and eco-friendly production of herbal phytochemicals. This review compares conventional and green extraction technologies for medicinal plants, focusing on their principles, operational efficiency, and sustainability. Traditional methods such as maceration, decoction, and percolation remain historically important but show limitations in scalability, solvent use, and environmental impact. In contrast, green extraction technologies—including ultrasound-assisted, microwave-assisted, enzyme-assisted, and supercritical fluid extraction—achieve up to threefold higher phytochemical yields and reduce energy…

• RU
  Rangsit University
• WU
  Walailak University