Recent advances in nanocomposites and nano-adsorbents for heavy metal and dye removal from water

The escalating contamination of aquatic systems by heavy metals and synthetic dyes poses severe risks to ecosystems and human health due to their toxicity, persistence, and bioaccumulation. Conventional wastewater treatment technologies such as chemical precipitation, membrane filtration, ion exchange, and oxidation often suffer from high operational costs, incomplete removal, secondary pollution, and limited efficiency at low contaminant concentrations. In this context, adsorption has emerged as a cost-effective and versatile alternative, particularly with the advent of nanotechnology. This review critically examines recent advances in nanocomposites and nano-adsorbents developed for the removal of priority…