Recent advances in postoperative delirium in elderly patients: pathophysiological mechanisms, risk prediction, and therapeutic strategies

Postoperative delirium (POD) is a common acute neuropsychiatric syndrome occurring during the perioperative period, characterized by disturbances in consciousness, attention, and cognition. It frequently develops in elderly patients as a consequence of surgery-induced neurofunctional impairment and physiological stress. Clinically, POD manifests with an abrupt onset, fluctuating course, and symptoms such as confusion and disorganized thinking. Multiple predisposing and precipitating factors contribute to its occurrence, including preoperative mental status, general physical condition, diabetes mellitus, electrolyte imbalances, type and duration of surgery, intraoperative blood loss, anesthesia management, and…