articleJournal of Air Transport ManagementFeb 10, 2026HYBRID OA

Environmental sustainability and risk-aware optimization in hybrid truck-drone logistics: A holistic multi-objective framework

AMArmin MahmoodiSMSeyed Mojtaba SajadiJLJeremy LalibertéSMSaid M. Easa

Toronto Metropolitan University · Aston University · +1 more institution

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Abstract

Compared to conventional truck-only systems, hybrid truck–drone delivery systems offer transformative potential for last-mile logistics by addressing operational inefficiencies, minimizing environmental impact, and enhancing safety through risk-aware optimization. This study develops a stochastic multi-objective optimization framework grounded in the Specific Operations Risk Assessment (SORA) methodology. By extending the vehicle routing problem with pickup and delivery (VRPPD) and the flying sidekick traveling salesman problem (FSTSP), the model incorporates battery optimization, CO 2 emissions reduction, and energy-efficient routing strategies. Delivery cost, time, energy consumption, operational risk, and…

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5
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202.45
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100%
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36
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4

Topics & keywords

Topics
Keywords
  • Drone
  • Flexibility (engineering)
  • Sustainability
  • Vehicle routing problem
  • Travelling salesman problem
  • Scalability
  • Sensitivity (control systems)
  • Sorting
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