articleFrontiers in PharmacologyFeb 10, 2026GOLD OA

How do nanoparticle properties shape pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics? A mechanistic review

Instituto Politécnico Nacional · Zapata (United States) · +2 more institutions

PubMed
Indexed incrossrefdoajpubmed

Abstract

Many therapeutics fail due to suboptimal pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics (PK/PD), and the development of nanomedicine remains partly empirical. We present a protocol-guided, mechanistic review that links nanoparticle (NP) physicochemical traits (such as size, surface charge/hydrophobicity, elasticity, and composition) to protein-corona remodeling, immune recognition, biodistribution, and clearance across the ADME, and examines how these shifts translate into pharmacodynamics and therapeutic index. We systematically searched PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and ClinicalTrials.gov (primarily 2000–2025) using predefined Boolean strings. We included in vivo animal or human studies directly comparing the same drug…

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