Education, green technology, and clean energy as indicators of sustainability and resilience in BRICS economies

This study investigates how education, green technology, and clean energy function as explicit indicators of sustainability and ecological resilience in BRICS economies over the period 1995–2021. Moving beyond income-centered Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) analyses, the study employs advanced econometric techniques, including cross-sectional dependence tests, panel unit root analysis, and panel cointegration to examine long-run indicator–environment linkages between socioeconomic drivers and CO2 emissions. A panel quantile regression framework reveals that higher educational investment and increased clean energy utilization consistently reduce CO2 emissions across emission quantiles, reinforcing their role…